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In this assignment students will pull together the change proposal project components they have been working on throughout the course

Benchmark – Capstone Project Change Proposal

In this assignment students will pull together the change proposal project components they have been working on throughout the course to create a proposal inclusive of sections for each content focus area in the course. At the conclusion of this project, the student will be able to apply evidence-based research steps and processes required as the foundation to address a clinically oriented problem or issue in future practice.

Students will develop a 1,250-1,500 word paper that includes the following information as it applies to the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need profiled in the capstone change proposal:

1. Background
2. Problem statement
3. Purpose of the change proposal
4. PICOT
5. Literature search strategy employed
6. Evaluation of the literature
7. Applicable change or nursing theory utilized
8. Proposed implementation plan with outcome measures
9. Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation, and a discussion of how these could be overcome
10. Appendix section, if tables, graphs, surveys, educational materials, etc. are created

Review the feedback from your instructor on the Topic 3 assignment, PICOT Statement Paper, and Topic 6 assignment, Literature Review. Use the feedback to make appropriate revisions to the portfolio components before submitting.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Expert Answer and Explanation

Capstone Project Final

Background

Medical errors are prone in healthcare facilities more so in pediatric care units. The problem has been associated with many factors. Davis-Coan et al. (2016) argue that medical errors are mainly caused by nurse burnout. The authors note that nurses who work for long hours are likely to perform mistakes while caring for patients because they are fatigued. Another factor that causes medical errors in pediatric care units is improper handoffs.

Hannan et al. (2019) mention that nurses are required to give detailed reports about patients and their progress during handoff stages. However, some nurses omit this vital activity and withhold vital information, and this can lead to medical errors. Another cause of medical errors in care units is a nurse shortage. When there are few nurses in medical facilities and the patients are many, medical errors can occur because the nurses can be overwhelmed with their work.

Medical errors are worth solving because they negatively impact healthcare institutions and patients. Lawson et al. (2018) report that medical errors can cause financial, psychological, and emotional stress to the organization and medical provider on duty. The scenarios have caused my hospital in that the organization has used a lot of money to compensate the people affected. Also, health providers have undergone a lot of stress because of the events.

Pereira- Hannan et al. (2019) argue that the medial error can cause negative publicity, and this can make the patients lack faith in the facility. My organization has suffered financial losses since the events occurred. Lastly, patients’ lives can change drastically (Hannan et al., 2019). For instance, the children involved in the events developed brain conditions that interfered with their mental health.

Clinical Problem Statement

According to Lawson et al. (2018), in 2016 alone, medical errors accounted for more than 100,000 deaths in the pediatric departments across healthcare facilities in the US, making the problem the third cause of death in pediatric departments. Another research done by Lawson et al. (2018) shows that less than 10% of medical errors occurring in hospitals are reported.

Hannan et al. (2019) mention that the most common medical errors in pediatric departments include hospital-associated infections, too much oxygen for premature babies, a bad combination of drugs, and giving wrong drugs. The severity of the problem has attracted change in healthcare organizations, including my hospital.

Purpose of the Change Proposal in Relation to Providing Patient Care in the Changing Health Care System

The primary purpose of this capstone project is to reduce medical errors in pediatric care unit by training nurses about the issue and improving the number of staff in the department.

PICOT Question

In pediatric care unit (P) does improving nurse staffing and training nurses (I) compared to not improving nurse staffing, and training nurses (C) reduce the rate of medical errors (O) during admission period (T)? 

Literature Search Strategy Employed

Articles published from 2015 to 2020 were included in the literature review. The ones older than five years were excluded. The articles were searched via Canyon University online library. The databases consulted include the National Center for Biotechnology Information library (NCBI), BMC library, Wiley online library, and Institutes of Health library (NIH).

Apart from the above databases, some articles were also extracted from Google Scholar database. The search teams used to identify the articles include medical errors in healthcare, medical mistakes, missed events, and medical negligence. The search was exhausted by applying a variation of the terms. The step that followed the literature search was the evaluation of the identified articles.

Evaluation of the Literature

A table was used to evaluate the literature used to support this project. Eight articles were evaluated. The literature was evaluated by looking at the purpose of the articles, the research questions that guided the studies, and the methodology. Also, the author(s) of the article and the year of publication was also the focus of the evaluation.

Analysis method, data collection tools and methods, the setting of the studies, sample, recommendations, and key findings were also part of the evaluation. In the evaluation, the significance of the articles to the PICOT question has also been mentioned. The full evaluation of the articles can be found in the table in the appendix.

Applicable Change or Nursing Theory Utilized

Lewin’s Change Management Theory will be applied to this project. The theory was developed by Kurt Lewin specifically for nursing change management. This theory has been selected for this project because it has simple steps that can be easily adapted. The theory was organized in three stages, and they include unfreezing, changing, and refreezing stages (Al-Ali, Singh, Al-Nahyan & Sohal, 2017). In the first stage, people who can resist change should be identified and convinced to embrace the upcoming transition.

The people can be convinced by creating awareness messages about the change. In the second step, the implementation plan should be developed, and change initiated. In other words, the change should now be made real. In the refreezing phase, the change should be reinforced, and its progress monitored ((Fatema et al., 2017). In this step, the change management team should ensure that people do not deviate from the transition.

Proposed Implementation Plan with Outcome Measures

The project will take a total of 31 days, and it will be evaluated six months after implementation, as highlighted in the table below.

Activity	Time
Selection of the project team members	Two days
Assigning roles to the project team.	A day
Developing a budget for the plan and presenting it to the management for approval.	Two days
Improving nurse staffing. Here, the following four activities will be done and they include creating a formal staffing plan, establishing a staffing committee, reducing turnover causes, and consulting with nurses on way forward as described by Hannan et al. (2019).	Ten days
Training nurses. In this activity, the nurses will be trained on how to avoid medical errors and deal with it in case it happens (AbuMustafa & Jaber, 2019).	Fifteen days
Meeting the project team members to discuss whether they have accomplished their tasks.	A day
Evaluating the project to determine whether it has achieved its outcomes.	Six months after the project has been implemented.

How Evidence-Based Practice was used in Creation of the Proposal

Evidence-based practice has been key when preparing the capstone project proposal. The proposed solution has been decided upon based on the numerous data that support its application in solving the situation. The proposal presented to the management will be prepared based on the EBP findings. For instance, the articles in the literature review will be used to show the management how the problem is threatening the existence of the organization. 

Evaluation Plan

The evaluation method that will be used to evaluate this change project surveys. During the evaluation, a conceptual model will be developed in a move to determine primary evaluation elements. The next step will be developing inquiries that will guide the process. The questions will ensure that the process is not done out of context. The third phase will be selecting the design used in the process, which is a qualitative survey.

After the selection of the design, the team will decide on the instruments to collect data. In this process, data will be collected through questionnaires. The next stage is the data gathering process. Questionnaires will be distributed among the target population for their feedback to be captured. The last stage is data analysis and presentation. The information gathered with be analyzed thematically and presented to the management. The full evaluation process will be done six months after the implementation process.

Project Barriers and How to Solve them

Some of the barriers will be faced during the implementation process. The first barrier is the lack of clarity about the project. Some of the employees and other stakeholders may not understand the objectives, goals, and purpose of the project. Also, the project team may lack clarity about their roles in the project. This barrier mitigated by communicating the project, clearly describing its purpose and objectives. The second barrier is inadequate resources.

The project may lack resources to be used in the implementation. However, the barrier will be solved by procuring the resources before implementation. The last barrier is resistance to change. The management may resist to add resources to the HR for improving staffing ratios. This barrier will be solved by communicating to the management and persuading them to fully embrace the change.

Conclusion

The purpose of this paper was to solve the issue of medical errors in pediatric care unit by improving the number of nurses in the department and training them about how to handle medical errors in case they experience one. Eight articles were used to answer the PICOT question. The change was managed using a change theory known as Lewin’s Change Management Model. The project will be evaluated using survey approach and evaluation data collected by the help of questionnaires.

References

AbuMustafa, A. M., & Jaber, M. (2019). Factor affecting Medical errors Reporting among medical team in Pediatric Hospitals in Gaza governorate. Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 2(11), 794-801. http://jmrhs.info/index.php/jmrhs/article/view/131

Al-Ali, A. A., Singh, S. K., Al-Nahyan, M., & Sohal, A. S. (2017). Change management through leadership: the mediating role of organizational culture. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-01-2017-1117

Davis-Coan, C., Crawford, K., Lynch, T., Davis, R., Miller, T., & Santoro, T. J. (2016). OSF Saint Francis Medical Center and University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, ILRates of Medical Errors and Adverse Events in a Medical ICU Following Implementation of a Standardized Computerized Handoff System. Ochsner Journal, 16(Spec AIAMC Iss), 38-39. http://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/16/Spec_AIAMC_Iss/38.abstract

Fatema, K., Hadziselimovic, E., Pandit, H. J., Debruyne, C., Lewis, D., & O’Sullivan, D. (2017, October). Compliance through Informed Consent: Semantic Based Consent Permission and Data Management Model. In PrivOn@ ISWC. Retrieved from http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/82659/88248c5b669175f267069c3319d9ac2d3e84.pdf?sequence=1

Hannan, J., Sanchez, G., Musser, E. D., Ward-Petersen, M., Azutillo, E., Goldin, D., … & Foster, A. (2019). Role of empathy in the perception of medical errors in patient encounters: a preliminary study. BMC research notes, 12(1), 327. https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4365-2

Lawson, N. D., Shanafelt, T. D., Tawfik, D. S., Morgenthaler, T. I., Satele, D. V., Sinsky, C., … & West, C. P. (2018, November). Burnout is Not Associated With Increased Medical Errors/In Reply. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 93, No. 11, pp. 1683-1684). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.015

Appendix

Literature Evaluation Table

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article	AbuMustafa, A. M., & Jaber, M. (2019). Factor affecting Medical errors Reporting among medical team in Pediatric Hospitals in Gaza governorate. Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 2(11), 794-801. http://jmrhs.info/index.php/jmrhs/article/view/131	Davis-Coan, C., Crawford, K., Lynch, T., Davis, R., Miller, T., & Santoro, T. J. (2016). OSF Saint Francis Medical Center and University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, ILRates of Medical Errors and Adverse Events in a Medical ICU Following Implementation of a Standardized Computerized Handoff System. Ochsner Journal, 16(Spec AIAMC Iss), 38-39. http://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/16/Spec_AIAMC_Iss/38.abstract
Article Title and Year Published	“Factor affecting Medical errors Reporting among medical team in Pediatric Hospitals in Gaza governorate” Published in 2019	“OSF Saint Francis Medical Center and University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, ILRates of Medical Errors and Adverse Events in a Medical ICU Following Implementation of a Standardized Computerized Handoff System”
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative)	“What are the factors affecting Medical errors Reporting among medical team in Pediatric Hospitals in Gaza governorate?”	Quality hospital handoff reduces the rate of medical errors in healthcare facilities.
Purposes/Aim of Study	“The objective of the study was to identify the factors affecting medical error reporting by medical team among pediatric hospitals in Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip (AbuMustafa & Jaber, 2019).	“The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of and staff satisfaction with resident handoffs at baseline and then performed a reevaluation after the I-PASS handoff system was integrated with Epic in the OSF Saint Francis Medical Center (SFMC) adult ICU” (Davis-Coan et al., 2016).
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)	A cross-sectional study design with questionnaires was used to collect data.	Randomized control trial was used as the design of the study.
Setting/Sample	Participants used were 90 clinical staff from El Rantisi, El Naser, and El Durra hospitals.	5 residency programs were used as the sample for this study.
Methods: Intervention/Instruments	Questionnaires was the instrument used to collect data.	The instruments used in this study was questionnaires.
Analysis	Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23 was used to analyze data.	SPSS was used to analyze data in this study.
Key Findings	The findings of the study showed reporting of medical errors among pediatric nurses can be affected by insufficient staff, worry of legal implications, and work pressure.	Awareness about medical errors can help in reducing the rate of medical errors in hospitals.
Recommendations	The authors recommend that nurses and doctors should be educated about how to handle medical errors so that they can know how to handle the issue when it occurs. Also, change culture should be embraced in medical organizations to help care providers report any medical error.	Medical facilities should have enough funds when they want to solve the issue of medical errors within the institution.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project	This paper will be used to understand why nurses do not report medical errors.	This paper will provide strategies to reduce medical errors.

Article 3	Article 4
Hannan, J., Sanchez, G., Musser, E. D., Ward-Petersen, M., Azutillo, E., Goldin, D., … & Foster, A. (2019). Role of empathy in the perception of medical errors in patient encounters: a preliminary study. BMC research notes, 12(1), 327. https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4365-2	Pereira-Lima, K., Mata, D. A., Loureiro, S. R., Crippa, J. A., Bolsoni, L. M., & Sen, S. (2019). Association Between Physician Depressive Symptoms and Medical Errors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA network open, 2(11), e1916097-e1916097. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2755851
“Role of empathy in the perception of medical errors in patient encounters: a preliminary study” The article was published in 2019.	“Association Between Physician Depressive Symptoms and Medical Errors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis” The paper was published 2019.
“What is the relationship between patients’ perception of healthcare providers’ empathy, their intention to adhere to treatment, and their perception of medical errors?”	Hypothesis: Physicians with depression are likely to cause medical errors.
“The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between patients’ perception of healthcare providers’ empathy, their intention to adhere to treatment, and their perception of medical errors made” (Hannan et al., 2019).	The purpose of the study was “to provide summary relative risk (RR) estimates for the associations between physician depressive symptoms and medical errors” (Pereira-Lima et al., 2019)
Descriptive quantitative approach was used as the study design.	Systematic review was the design of the study.
195 clinical professionals were the participants of the study.	Articles involving 21 517 physicians were the samples for the study.
Surveys created by Qualtrics software® was used to collect data.	ERIC, PsycINFO, and Embase were databases used to collect data.
Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics.	Meta-analysis was done in analyzing the data.
The findings showed that nurses and physicians’ empathy did not affect adherence to treatment but impacted patient’s perception about medical errors.	The key finding was that physicians who have tested positive for depression have high chances of reporting medical errors.
Further studies should be conducted to find out the impact medical errors on patients’ outcome.	The authors recommended that medical errors can be reduced by improving care givers’ mental health.
This paper will be used to understand empathy and its effects on medical errors.	The article will be vital when developing the background of the project.

 

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which of the following is not a characteristic of a project proposal, benchmark capstone project change proposal, capstone change project resources, project proposal example for students, project proposal example pdf

Project Proposal Example for Students: A Comprehensive Guide

Are you a student who wants to submit a project proposal but has no idea where to start? Don’t worry; this article has got you covered. In this comprehensive guide, we will provide you with a step-by-step process on how to write a project proposal. From choosing a topic to presenting your proposal, this article will give you all the necessary information to create a winning project proposal.

Introduction

A project proposal is a document that outlines a proposed plan of work, including the objectives, methodology, and budget for the project. Project proposals are common in academic and business settings and are used to persuade an audience to approve or fund a proposed project. As a student, you may be required to submit a project proposal as part of your coursework or to apply for funding for a research project. Writing a project proposal may seem like a daunting task, but with the right guidance, you can create an effective proposal that will help you achieve your goals.

What is a project proposal?

A project proposal is a formal document that outlines a proposed plan of work, including the objectives, methodology, and budget for the project. A project proposal typically includes the following sections:

• Title page
• Executive summary
• Introduction
• Background
• Objectives
• Scope of work
• Methodology
• Timetable
• Budget
• Conclusion

Why is a project proposal important?

A project proposal is important for several reasons:

1. It helps to define the scope of the project: A project proposal outlines the objectives, methodology, and scope of work for the project. This helps to ensure that everyone involved in the project has a clear understanding of what is expected.
2. It helps to identify potential problems: By outlining the methodology and scope of work for the project, a project proposal can help to identify potential problems and risks. This allows you to address these issues before they become major problems.
3. It helps to secure funding: If you are seeking funding for your project, a project proposal is essential. A well-written proposal can help to convince funders that your project is worth investing in.

How to choose a project topic?

Choosing a project topic can be challenging, but there are several things you can do to make the process easier:

1. Choose a topic that interests you: If you are passionate about a particular subject, it will be easier for you to research and write about it.
2. Consider your audience: If you are writing a project proposal for a specific audience, such as a funder or supervisor, consider what topics will be of interest to them.
3. Consult with your supervisor: Your supervisor can provide guidance and advice on choosing a topic and can help you to refine your ideas.

How to write a project proposal?

1. Title page: The title page should include the project title, the name of the student, the name of the supervisor, and the date.
2. Executive summary: The executive summary should provide a brief overview of the project, including the objectives, methodology, and budget.
3. Introduction: The introduction should provide background information on the topic and explain why the project is important.
4. Background: The background section should provide more detailed information on the topic, including any relevant research or literature.
5. Objectives: The objectives section should clearly state the goals and objectives of the project.
6. Scope of work: The scope of work section should describe what will be done in the project, including any specific tasks or deliverables.
7. Methodology: The methodology section should describe the methods that will be used to complete the project, including any research or data collection methods.
8. Timetable: The timetable section should outline the timeline for the project, including any milestones or deadlines.
9. Budget: The budget section should provide a detailed breakdown of the costs associated with the project, including any equipment or materials needed.
10. Conclusion: The conclusion should summarize the key points of the proposal and emphasize why the project is important and worth pursuing.

When writing a project proposal, it’s important to keep in mind the audience and purpose of the proposal. The proposal should be well-organized, clear, and concise, and should include all the necessary information to persuade the reader to approve the project. Additionally, it’s important to proofread and edit the proposal carefully to ensure that it is error-free and professional.

Tips for writing an effective project proposal

1. Understand the Requirements: Before you start writing your proposal, make sure you understand the requirements and expectations of the project. This includes the scope of work, timeline, budget, and any other specific details that may be required.
2. Clearly Define the Objectives: The objectives of the project should be clearly defined in the proposal. This includes outlining what you hope to achieve and how you plan to achieve it.
3. Identify the Target Audience: It’s important to identify the target audience for your project proposal, as this will help you tailor the content to their specific needs and interests.
4. Use Simple and Concise Language: Your proposal should be written in simple and concise language that is easy to understand. Avoid using technical jargon or complex terminology that may confuse the reader.
5. Provide Evidence to Support Your Claims: Whenever possible, provide evidence to support your claims and demonstrate why your project is necessary and relevant.
6. Create a Detailed Work Plan: Your proposal should include a detailed work plan that outlines the tasks, timelines, and resources required to complete the project.
7. Be Realistic About the Budget: When creating a budget for your project, be realistic and transparent about the costs involved. This includes accounting for any unforeseen expenses or potential risks.
8. Proofread and Edit Carefully: Before submitting your proposal, make sure to proofread and edit it carefully to ensure that it is error-free and professional.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Writing a Project Proposal

Here are some common mistakes to avoid in writing a project proposal:

1. Failing to Follow Guidelines: It’s important to carefully read and follow the guidelines provided for the project proposal. Failing to do so can result in your proposal being rejected, regardless of its quality.
2. Lack of Clarity: A common mistake is to use overly complex language or fail to clearly communicate the objectives and scope of the project. Make sure to use simple and concise language, and provide clear and detailed information.
3. Ignoring the Target Audience: Your proposal should be tailored to the needs and interests of the target audience. Ignoring their perspectives or failing to address their concerns can result in a rejected proposal.
4. Lack of Evidence: Failing to provide evidence to support your claims can weaken the credibility of your proposal. Make sure to include data, research, or other evidence that demonstrates the need for the project and its potential impact.
5. Unrealistic Timeline or Budget: A proposal that includes an unrealistic timeline or budget can be seen as impractical or unfeasible. Make sure to carefully consider the resources required and set realistic expectations.
6. Poor Editing and Proofreading: Spelling and grammatical errors, formatting issues, or inconsistencies in the proposal can undermine its credibility. Make sure to carefully proofread and edit the proposal before submitting it.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can increase the chances of your project proposal being accepted and achieving your goals.

Conclusion

In conclusion, writing an effective project proposal is critical for securing funding, support, and resources for your project. By following the tips outlined in this article, including understanding the requirements, defining clear objectives, targeting the audience, using simple and concise language, providing evidence, creating a detailed work plan, being realistic about the budget, and proofreading carefully, you can increase the chances of your proposal being accepted.

Additionally, by avoiding common mistakes such as failing to follow guidelines, lacking clarity, ignoring the target audience, lacking evidence, having an unrealistic timeline or budget, and poor editing and proofreading, you can further improve your chances of success. By investing time and effort into crafting a well-written and persuasive proposal, you can help ensure the success of your project and achieve your goals.

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